A case study on the acute leukemia of lilly a cancer fighter Essay Example for Free

A case study on the acute leukemia of lilly a cancer fighter Essay Six months after her 30th birthday, Lilly was diagnosed with acute Leukemia. She and her husband, Jake, have no children together. She has been relatively healthy most of her life, despite suffering from minor medical mishaps. Lilly’s socioeconomic factor is that she is a middle class, a Caucasian woman who was a top ranking salesperson for a cosmetic company. While the case study has no mentioned specific issues, Lilly has hinted past confrontations with her parents. Lilly has been evasive about all aspects of her life that occurred before she came to the clinic. The social worker intern mentioned that Lilly gave up a baby in her early 20’s. Despite the closeness with the social worker intern through the physical and emotional upheavals, her defenses surrounding her past would not budge.   Through the case study, the social worker realized that Lilly’s mental health deteriorated when she lost her ability to speak due to sores in her mouth. The social worker believed that because Lily was a sales representative, losing her ability to speak negatively affected her sense of self-worth. To have that taken away from her, as the intern suggested, is an attack on her ego functioning and can deplete her mental stability in fighting this illness. However, the salient aspects that the intern failed to address is the correlation of emotional distress and the fighting spirit on the survival time for people combating life-threatening illnesses like cancer. Due to Lilly’s socioeconomic background and support of her parents, she was able to pay for her treatments and sustain economic stability despite her health deterioration. After the reading the case, I have several questions: was different modalities of treatments other than ego psychology that could have helped her?   Would expose her parents to relaxation training or stress management have helped alleviate some of Lilly’s anxieties? Why would Lilly keep her past so hidden, and more specifically, why wouldn’t she discuss giving her baby away for adoption?   Would there be different ways of conducting interviews with her in times when she was more relaxed? The narrator of this article articulates the typical issues that any cancer patient faces: death, dying, health, family dynamics, physical changes in appearance, and resentment towards others and projection. The intern discussed common experiences from other patients to help normalize what Lilly was going through. For example, when Lilly said she felt like she was hallucinating, the intern informed her that this was common when receiving a morphine drip. The intern seems very helpless at times. She mentions in her transcript that she feels sad and even guilty for being healthy when talking to sick patient. I feel like this social worker is risking the overwhelming need to figure everything out for Lilly, such as digging up the past and figuring out ways to repair her relationships. Her health decline, Lilly’s emotional functioning is not an optimal state and I feel that Lilly just wanted focus on the future. However, I find myself intrigued at what Lilly has to say in coming t o terms with what has happened to her life and what choices she could’ve done differently. I believe there might be something in her past that Lilly is afraid to confront. I don’t believe Lilly felt marginalization due to her race, class or economic background. I believe the mere fact that this social worker intern is alive, healthy and autonomous could create tension in the relationship. For example, Lilly wants to be home with Jake and her cat, but she is forced to stay in the hospital while this social worker intern has the luxury to go back home and rest in her bed, free from the medical tubes, the chemo, and loss of bodily function. I am a first generation Ecuadorean-American who is also a cancer survivor. I come from a lower-middle-class economic background and my parents did not even finish grade school. They do not know how to communicate in English. I hold privilege in the fact that I am 14 years in remission with cancer that I struggled with combating for 1- ½ years. The implications of my sociocultural location in my identity as a first-generation cancer survivor with the lack of resources can help me understand the implications that it might have in my treatment with this client. Due to my class, race and economic background, I am marginalized from Lilly. On the other hand, she is from a middle class, held an influential position and had supportive parents that knew the language.   These differentials can cause a clash of cultures. On one hand, I am marginalized because I didn’t have the same opportunity in my treatment and care as Lilly did. Some of which were unethical such as translating my whole treatment process to my parents from Spanish to English and telling my parents as an 8-year-old, â€Å"I have cancer†. Yet, I am still here and cancer-free. My identity as a first-generation cancer survivor with the lack of resources could have implications in my treatment with this client. I am aware of my role as a social work intern to not influence economic privileges in the assessment. My case writing would have to focus on her mental health and provide a support system with which I am familiar with as well. My hope is despite our many differences, I would have been a support system for her because the communal understanding of the initial feeling after prognosis, the physical changes, the sickness after chemotherapy, the reactions to medications, the dynamic changes in parents due to being â€Å"sick† and having the utter realization of oblivion is   something that is out of your control. With the dynamic of being cancer-free and dealing with a cancer patient, I am afraid of holding the privilege over Lilly because I have beaten cancer and so far, it hasn’t come back. Although it is not a socio-cultural aspect, it is part of my identity. The word â€Å"cancer survivor† will always play a role in how I interact with people as well as being Latina, born from illegal immigrants of South America. With this fact in mind, I think to have someone that was 14 years in remission would’ve given Lilly a glimmer of hope in those moments when the alienation the person feels when they experience cancer and how little they have in common with their healthier loved ones. The cultural differences such as being Hispanic and White could play a role in how we interact with one another. It is a cultural thing to become â€Å"too caring† for someone that is sick. I witnessed it with how my family has taken care of me and I have witnessed it in my time at the Domestic Violence Crisis Center. I realized that it could’ve been something that Lilly needed but it would’ve triggered a complexity in the relationship with transference and countertransference that would’ve been something to be addressed to my supervisor. I feel that I would’ve grown attached and cared for her too much as I would’ve seen a version of myself in her in a nurturing way.   However, I think having someone understand on a more intimate level of the medical terminology and the cancer treatment process would’ve made a world of a difference on the alienation she felt at times between her family and friends. I feel at the stage of the treatment Lilly’s anxiety when she was in the ICU and facing her fears about the irrevocable reality that she might not get better. The fact that she survived those two weeks was a miracle, yet she didn’t see it as a triumph but a truth that this is going to be her reality from now on. This experience of death, dying and the inevitable decline in death is the juxtaposition to my story of recovery and health. I would experience great sadness and anxiety if she were to die in my stay as a social worker intern and would have to have self-awareness with my identity as a â€Å"cancer survivor† and not a â€Å"cancer-statistic†.   Nevertheless, my cultural way to nurture the sick, care for the helpless and communication can be helpful in this situation. I believe that our social locations of class, race and economic boundaries are diminished when we are both bonded by same harsh reality. The truth is, when it comes to cancer, it doesn’t judge of identities or race. I do believe class and economic factors place a role in treatment. However, handling my case with Lilly, I would acknowledge our differences yet manage to find similarities in our situations. We are both women, who even though at different ages, have a self-esteem issue when it comes to losing our hair. Women identify feminity with their hair and even as an 8-year-old; being bald was a harsh reality of my illness. I resonated with Lilly when she felt disgusted when she looked at the mirror and her baldness. I understand the feeling. Although I did not have the luxury of having my parents pay for my insurance, I did have a support system at the time and it helped with the treatment process. I feel like our differences are profound: I was an 8-year-old, Ecuadorean, lower-income, first-generation cancer fighter and Lilly was a 30-year-old, middle-class, American, cancer fighter. The differences are striking when we tell our stories yet the treatment process is still the same across all boards. The conversations that would have would be reassurance, installation of hope and not just by words but by actually being â€Å"living proof† that there is a chance. Lilly talked about that 50% chance of fighting the disease with the bone marrow transplant.   I had a similar prognosis after my first chemotherapy. Our conversation would have been so profound. I would have given her hope by just being there.

Marketing Essays Customer Product Needs

Marketing Essays Customer Product Needs Customer Product Needs Marketing is the process of identifying customer needs and then introducing a product according to those needs. Marketers introduce products in the market so that we can consume everyday. When we buy a product we pay for marketing each time. Marketing acts as an important role in our daily lives. Marketing is basically satisfying customer needs which increase the quality of life and better standard of living. There are two main parties involved in marketing buyers and sellers. Marketing includes the activities of a company associated with buying and selling a product or service. In order to sell the products marketers try to promote their products by different types of medium. The most famous type is bill boards and signs. The internet has been the most easiest and effective way of promoting products to the customers. Magazines, T.V, Radio and newspapers are other ways of introducing products. Marketing is all about selling, delivering products to consumers, promotion of new products to attract customers. There are many definitions of marketing. One of the great management thinkers Peter Drucker said something which acts as a good reminder of the value of good marketing: The aim of marketing is to know and understand the customer so well; the product or service fits him and sells itself. – Peter Drucker http://www.powerpr.com/newsletter.html Marketing Communication: Marketing communication is subdivided into 4 features: Advertising: Advertising is transmitting information to the customers by various kinds of media by paying sum amount of money. It is basically to attract the customers to buy the products. In order words advertising is a publicity to influence the people to purchase the specific product. Advertising media includes T.V, newspaper, cinema, radio, posters, billboards and internet. It promotes the products and tries to convince the consumers to buy a product by pressure that it is more desirable for them than others. Advertising can be done by the organizations, industries as well as by individuals. Advertising can also be used combining with other marketing communications. The amount of advertising in UK can be recognized through posters, billboards and T.V. It has been estimated that the drinks industry spends over  £200 million on advertising and that between 1 and 2 percentage of national income is spent on advertising in United Kingdom. http://www.answers.com/topic/advertising?cat=biz-fin Sales promotion: Sales promotions are the excellent offers to persuade the customers to buy goods and services. Normally to increase in the sales of an organization for the short period and sometimes to sold out the old stock. These are the tricks to trap the customer for the particular product. There are varieties of sales promotions methods to that a business can use to make products appealing. Some of the methods are as under: Discount vouchers: Customers been sent the coupons, or they themselves tear off from the magazines and newspapers which enables them to get the particular product in low price by showing the coupon. Competitions: Sometimes when a customer purchase a product, allows them to enter the draw to win a prize (for e.g. cash, cars, electronics, air tickets etc.) Free gifts: Sometimes when the product is bought by the customers they get another product free with it or sometimes different prizes instantly. Loyalty cards: These are those cards which allow the customers to earn points on the cards when they buy products, later on which can be redeemed as cash or goods. (for e.g. Tesco club card, nectar etc.) Loyalty cards have become the most important bright form of sales promotion. http://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/marketing_promotion_sales.htm Public relations: Public relation doesn’t deal with the product and services. It mainly deals in making good relations between employees or customers. The primary function is to have the trust of public understanding. Examples of public relations are worker preparation, support of charitable events etc. In this type of marketing communication the organization aimed for the increase in sales by improving the image of the company and product. http://www.learnthat.com/define/view.asp?id=52 Direct marketing: Convey of advertising message directly to the consumer on individual basis through any type of medium. The main difference between direct marketing and other kind of promotion is that you have close relation with the needs of the customer and succeed in delivering a message. http://www.investorwords.com/1447/direct_marketing.html Integrated Marketing Communication: The management of the organization is planned in such a way that all the feature of marketing communication work together rather then allows them to work separately. As mentioned above marketing communication includes sales promotion, advertising, direct marketing and public relations. Integrated marketing communication good idea for making business more profit. All the marketing communication departments work together for the betterment and profitably of an organization. They company use only one approach towards everything. Integrated Marketing Communication is more than the management of a companys outgoing message between different media and the reliability of the message throughout. It is a destructive marketing plan that captures and uses a vast amount of customer information in setting and tracking marketing strategy. It can be also defines as a holistic approach to promote buying and selling of digital economy. A management concept which is mainly designed to make all aspects of marketing communication such as advertising, sales promotion, public relations, and direct marketing work together as a combined force, rather than allowing each to work in remoteness. In practice, the goal of Integrated Marketing Communication is to create a single appearance or message in all fundamentals of a marketing campaign. A successful integrated marketing communication plan should be customize what is required by the client based on time, budget and resources to reach the target or goals. Small business can start an integrated marketing communication plan on a small budget by creating a website, email and SEO. A large business organization can start an integrated communication plan on a larger budget than a small organization. They can use things like print, mail order radio, TV plus many other online ad campaigns. The main aim at the end is to sell their product. TV is used in order to get the generation aware of the product where as Prints are used to educate the public and Radio is also used to keep the message delivered on the top of the mind. There are 3 Ps which one has to remember in integrated marketing communication which are the first one is for product. This means that overall everything is done for the customers. What are consumer requirements and what they desire? The goods they are looking for and what are the benefits in demands, and what are the unfulfilled demands. The second P is the price. One has to look at the cost which the customers are looking for. What is their perception of the cost of the goods and how much are they able to pay and willing to spend. The third P is for the place or distribution. This means where to sell their goods, and which is the best possible place to promote you affectively. David Ogilvy thinks IMC means providing â€Å"one stop shopping†, setting up your agency to deliver all the functions a client might want to buy, and learning to manage them together. Maybe this is a tail. David further said that IMC may be the key to getting away from the disease of talking about creativity all the time and getting back to focus on sales. This is at least leg. Integrated Marketing Communication can also be called as integration of all promotional tools. All of the communications tools work better if they work together in agreement rather than working separately. While different departments such as sales, direct mail and advertising can help each other through Data Integration. This requires a marketing information system which collects and shares relevant data across different departments. Marketing and communications objectives must support the higher level corporate objectives and corporate missions. http://marketing.about.com/od/marketingglossary/g/imcdef.htm Marketing communications comprises five broad categories: Personal selling, advertising, public relations, direct marketing and sales promotions. Each has its own set of pros and cons and can be accomplished in a variety of ways. However, the key is to look at the available options in a comprehensive way and to ensure consistency throughout the selected media. The selection of communications methods is subject to a variety of factors. The factors that influence the selection and effectiveness of a promotional mix include: †¢ Nature of the market (market size, geographic scope, type of customer, etc.) †¢ Nature of the product (complexity of the product, service requirements, etc.) †¢ Stage in the product life-cycle (earlier versus later stages of the life cycle) †¢ Price (high versus low unit price) †¢ Funds available for promotion This funding point is very relevant to all companies. Budgeting is an essential function of the IMC process. The following items impact the budget determinations: †¢ Percentage-of-sales method (a specified percentage of either past or forecasted sales) †¢ Fixed-sum-per-unit method (predetermined dollar amount for each unit sold or produced) †¢ Meeting competition method (match competitor’s promotional outlays) †¢ Task-objective method (amount and type of promotional spending needed to achieve promotional Objectives) Advantages of Integrated Marketing Communication: The key advantages of using integrated marketing communication or IMC is that it is indispensable and cost effective to any organization. IMC talks about the four different messages that an organization has to know of so it can run if not manipulate. In order to effectively integrate public relations and marketing, there are six procedures that have to be followed to achieve an organization’s objective. In order to attain the organizations goals, public relations practitioners are commonly asked to perform many other tasks side by side with advertising and marketing. It total communication program is merged with public relations, it not only save time and money but strengthen the organizations capacity to safeguard the reliability of the product or service. (Miller Rose, 1994). Public relations practitioners are told everyday to design programs that are compatible with marketing and advertising strategies accurately and cost effectively. Public relations can help to attain marketing objectives and increase awareness by playing a very tactical role (Miller Rose, 1994). Public relations are anticipated to notify as well as persuade behavior, generate an environment for customer acceptance and build trust. These activities can best be done by working with marketing and advertising functions in the organization (Miller Rose, 1994). In order for public relations, advertising and marketing to work more efficiently the three functions need to be more closely aligned. One approach to IMC was developed by program director, Tom Duncan and his faculty at the University of Colorado. Duncans IMC Message Typology explains the four messages that an organization needs to be aware of so it can control, or if not control, then perhaps influence. The four types of messages are; planned, inferred, maintenance and unplanned. Although Integrated Marketing Communications requires a lot of effort it delivers many benefits. It can create competitive advantage, boost sales and profits, while saving money, time and stress. IMC wraps communications around customers and helps them move through the various stages of the buying process. The organization simultaneously consolidates its image, develops a dialogue and nurtures its relationship with customers. This Relationship Marketing cements a bond of loyalty with customers which can protect them from the inevitable onslaught of competition. The ability to keep a customer for life is a powerful competitive advantage. IMC also increases profits through increased effectiveness. At another level, initial research suggests that images shared in advertising and direct mail boost both advertising awareness and mail shot responses. So IMC can boost sales by stretching messages across several communications tools. Carefully linked messages also help buyers by giving timely reminders, updated information and special offers which, when presented in a planned sequence, help them move comfortably through the stages of their buying process and this reduces their misery of choice in a complex and busy world. IMC also makes messages more reliable and therefore more believable. This reduces risk in the mind of the buyer which, in turn, shortens the search process and helps to dictate the outcome of brand comparisons. Un-integrated communications send disjointed messages which weaken the impact of the message. This may also confuse, frustrate and arouse anxiety in customers. On the other hand, integrated communications present a reassuring sense of order. Consistent images and relevant, useful, messages help raise long term relationships with customers. Here, customer databases can identify accurately which customers need what information when they need and throughout their whole buying life. Finally, IMC saves money as it eliminates duplication in areas such as graphics and photography since they can be shared and used in say, advertising, exhibitions and sales literature. Integrated Marketing Communications Moriarty, Sandra E. PR and IMC: The benefits of integration. Public Relations Quarterly, Fall94, Vol. 39 Issue 3, p38, 7p, 1bw. Once IMC strategy has been determined, marketing managers look to control the four basic elements of the marketing mix: product, price, place, and promotion, known as the four Ps of marketing. Since these four variables are controllable, the best mix of these elements is determined to reach the selected target market. Product: The first element in the marketing mix is the product. Products can be either tangible or intangible. Tangible products are products that can be touched; intangible products are those that cannot be touched, such as services. There are three basic levels of a product: core, actual, and augmented. The core product is the most basic level, what consumers really buy in terms of benefits. For example, consumers do not buy food processors, per se; rather, they buy the benefit of being able to process food quickly and efficiently. The next level of the product is the actual product—in the case of the previous example, food processors. Products are typically sorted according to the following five characteristics: quality, features, styling, brand name, and packaging. Finally, the augmented level of a product consists of all the elements that surround both the core and the actual product. The augmented level provides purchasers with additional services and benefits. For examp le, follow-up technical assistance and warranties and guaranties are augmented product components. When planning new products, firm managers consider a number of issues including product quality, features, options, styles, brand name, packaging, size, service, warranties, and return policies, all in an attempt to meet the needs and wants of consumers. Price: Price is the cost of the product paid by consumers. This is the only element in the marketing mix that generates revenue for firms. In order to generate revenue, managers must consider factors both internal and external to the organization. Internal factors take the form of marketing objectives, the marketing-mix strategy, and production costs. External factors to consider are the target market, product demand, competition, economic conditions, and government regulations. There are a number of pricing strategies available to marketing managers: skimming, penetration, quantity, and psychological. With a price-skimming strategy, the price is initially set high, allowing firms to generate maximum profits from customers willing to pay the high price. Prices are then gradually lowered until maximum profit is received from each level of consumer. Penetration pricing is used when firms set low prices in order to capture a large share of a market quickly. A quantity-pricing strategy p rovides lower prices to consumers who purchase larger quantities of a product. Psychological pricing tends to focus on consumer perceptions. For example, odd pricing is a common psychological pricing strategy. With odd pricing, the cost of the product may be a few cents lower than a full-dollar value. Consumers tend to focus on the lower-value full-dollar cost even though it is really priced closer to the next higher full-dollar amount. For example, if a good is priced at $19.95, consumers will focus on $19 rather than $20. Place: Place refers to where and how the products will be distributed to consumers. There are two basic issues involved in getting the products to consumers: channel management and logistics management. Channel management involves the process of selecting and motivating wholesalers and retailers, sometimes called middlemen, through the use of incentives. Several factors are reviewed by firm management when determining where to sell their products: distribution channels, market-coverage strategy, geographic locations, inventory, and transportation methods. The process of moving products from a manufacturer to the final consumer is often called the channel of distribution. Promotion: The last variable in the marketing mix is promotion. Various promotional tools are used to communicate messages about products, ideas, or services from firms and their customers. The promotional tools available to managers are advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, and publicity. For the promotional program to be effective, managers use a blend of the four promotional tools that best reaches potential customers. This blending of promotional tools is sometimes referred to as the promotional mix. The goal of this promotional mix is to communicate to potential customers the features and benefits of products. Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers IMC at BBC: The Bombay Bicycle Club is London 1st choice Indian cuisine restaurant. I joined the Islington branch 10 months ago. So I selected to write about this restaurant. It is called the 1st Indian cuisine franchise in London. The first restaurant was inaugurated at Clapham 20 year’s back which is, still favorite for many Londoners and chefs. Many braches have been opened after that, now The Bombay Bicycle Club owns around 18 braches, in different parts of London. The aim of the employers of the company is maximum satisfaction of consumers. According to Tana Ramsay (Gordon Ramsay) told to the latest issue of the London Magazine that â€Å"the Bombay Bicycle Club was a local favourite.†It has to be from the Battersea one though, thats the best† Marketing communication of the Bombay bicycle club is effective. They apply all the marketing features in order to get the maximum profit and consumer satisfaction. I will now analyze all the marketing communication according to The Bombay Bicycle Club. Advertising: Bombay Bicycle Club invests in for advertising too. They have different ways of advertising. Since online shopping is a rage these days, they have also invested in e-retailing and the respond is overwhelming. It’s been made easy for the convenience of consumers. Customers can order their food without any hassle of walking down or driving down and finding the parking space. They can order food right from home by just clicking on the updated menus. The customers also get a discount for ordering their food online. They also provide facilities for customers to book a table or the whole place online. They also have leaflets with menus which they distribute it to shops, customers, and even as poster on bikes and other vehicles. Even billboards are used at high traffic areas to attract new customers They have regular ads in the Local and other news papers in the United Kingdom. Newspapers are a good source of reaching out to a large number of people. Another way the Bombay Bicycle Club has implemented is the use of magazine ads, as magazine ads are generally better as they are able to reached the desired demographics Sales promotion: Every now and then the Bombay Bicycle Club gives out vouches or coupons to customers, with these coupons customers get discounts on the food and drinks depending upon the season. For the regular customers, there is a flat discount which they get every time they visit the place. Public relations: All the employees and the managers are courteous, friendly and the atmosphere of the restaurant is warm and homely. The satisfaction of the customer to the smallest detail is the main priority for Bombay Bicycle Club. It also takes part in any community services by distributing food and drinks completely free. Direct marketing: The Bombay Bicycle club is mainly a direct marketing establishment as there is more of human to human contact. People are given all the details of a food item ot any product on a individual basis Conclusion: After all the research I came to conclude that marketing plays an important role in the business. Marketing is basically satisfying customer needs which increase the quality of life and better standard of living. I came to know about the marketing communications. Advertising and sales promotion increases the sales of the organization which also increases the profitability of the company. Sales promotion and direct marketing makes the organization to keep in touch with the previous customers. It not only helps the organization to retain the valuable customers but also to attract new customers. In short if all these feature of marketing work together, they can expand their business, make large amount of money and retain the customers. References: [Accessed on April 19, 2008] http://www.powerpr.com/newsletter.html [Accessed on April 20, 2008] http://www.answers.com/topic/advertising?cat=biz-fin [Accessed on April 22, 2008] http://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/marketing_promotion_sales.htm [Accessed on April 22, 2008] http://www.learnthat.com/define/view.asp?id=52 [Accessed on April 23, 2008] http://www.investorwords.com/1447/direct_marketing.html [Accessed on April 23, 2008] http://marketing.about.com/od/marketingglossary/g/imcdef.htm [Accessed on April 17, 2008] http://www.multimediamarketing.com/mkc/marketingcommunications/ Moriarty, Sandra E. PR and IMC: The benefits of integration. Public Relations Quarterly, Fall94, Vol. 39 Issue 3, p38, 7p, 1bw. Dave H, Rob J, and Carlo R, (2000) Business Studies, Italy: LagoPrint

Essay on Portrait of the Artist as A Young Man and The Wall

The Artist in Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as A Young Man and Pink Floyd's The Wall      Ã‚  Ã‚   Foragers, the people who live in hunter-gatherer societies, have no artists. It is only when society becomes complex enough to support a division of labor do artists emerge-first as shamans, then as the painters, singers, writers, etc., that we usually think of today. Society, then, creates the artist, but it can also destroy him. In A Portrait of the Artist as A Young Man, James Joyce describes the particular development of Stephan Dedalus that led to his becoming an artist. Pink's development in Pink Floyd's The Wall, mirrors that of Stephen yet concludes in the destruction of the artist.    An important similarity between them is their isolation. Joyce believed that the separation from society is important for an artist in order to see society clearly. Common people are easily swayed by authority figures, as Dante and other Irish Catholics are against Parnell by the church's condemnation, or by other trendy movements such as the peace testimonial, all of which are rejected by Stephen in the end. When Stephen in his discourse on beauty describes the basket, he says "your mind first of all separates the basket from the rest of the visible universe which is not the basket. The first phase of apprehension is a bounding line drawn about the object to be apprehended" (212). Thus, by extension, if an artist is to apprehend the society, a line must be bound around society separating the artist from it in order to view it; it is difficult in a maze of hedges to comprehend the pattern, but when viewed from above the paths in and out become clear. The artist must stand outside the changeable mindset of the average human being in orde... ...at make up the crowd or the eerie, bulbous faces on the train. Stephen fulfils his role as an artist by becoming a sort of teacher-shaman as he gives his discourses on esthetics to Lynch and prepares to depart into the world, like some wandering monk or sage. Separate from society he is able to search out and convey the truth of society. Pink's isolation, however, utterly destroys him. Unable to endure, the wall is torn down by the hammer of conformity and Pink becomes the very personification of repressive society. If the role of the artist is to objectively show society the truth of itself, then Pink emerges an artwork in himself, an accurate mirror of the forces that shaped him.       Works Cited    Joyce, James. A Portriat of the Artist as a Young Man. New York: Penguin Books, 1976.    Pink Floyd. The Wall. Sony Wonder Studios, 1982.   

Social Changes in America Brought About by the Gilded Age Essay

The Gilded Age was characterized by rapid industrialization, reconstruction, ruthless pursuit of profit, government, corruption, and vulgarity (Cashman 1). After the Civil War, America was beginning to regroup as a nation. There were many other changes developing in the country. Industrialization was taking over the formerly agricultural country. The nation’s government was also in great conflict (Foner 20). Many changes occurred during the Gilded Age. These changes affected farmers, labor, business, and politics. Many southerners saw Reconstruction as an attempt by the north to punish the south, rather than an attempt to rebuild the nation (Foner 29). This period was marked by intense bitterness and anger. Regional and racial pressure remained powerful. The Ku Klux Klan came into full force, terrorizing blacks by tactics such as night riding (Foner 94). Poll taxes forced an unreasonable fee on blacks at the voting booth. During Reconstruction, the northern economy experienced a tremendous industrial boom, while the South struggled through Reconstruction (Powers 48). Immigrants began pouring into northern cities and provided a cheap labor source for Northern Industry. The south remained primarily agricultural. Much of the Gilded Age can be seen as a response to the result of the events of Reconstruction. Almost all of the Gilded Age politics revolved around the effort of the government to find some system so they could regulate big business and to regulate its own abuses. Machine Politics was the government’s response. The first reason machine politics worked was because there were no secret ballots (Mandelbaum 135). Ballots were very colorful and it was easy to tell who someone was voting for when they went to the polls (... ...a, hoped to train blacks for humble but respectable professions. He looked for peaceful race relations and small steps forward. Dubois, was the first black man to hold a degree form a Harvard graduate school, vigorously disagreed with Washington and sought equality, hoping to develop a black elite. At the Niagara Conference, Dubois helped set the groundwork for the later National Association for the Advancement of Colored People†(Foner 253). Overall, the Gilded Age’s impact on America was positive. It is hard to imagine life with out many things that have come out of the Gilded Age. The government learned not to let monopolies get too strong, and the industrial order helped immigration, turning the United States into the â€Å"melting pot† of the world. The Gilded Age also was the start in the process of America trying to get over its racial differences and problems.

Essay --

The loss of innocence Any child under the age of eighteen that is supposed to wed is thrown into the category of child marriages. This practice is very popular in India, Africa, Latin America and Oceania but the biggest area is Yemen and Saudi Arabia who does not have a minimum age requirement and does not protect the women’s rights under any circumstances. International and domestic civil right activists are appalled at the rising number of illegal and underage child marriages in foreign and neighboring countries. The downfalls of these marriages are that they deteriorate the child’s physical and mental health and are one of the main reasons for uneducated women in the world. Local and government officials need to be taking action to put an end to this long time tradition. Firstly, these girls are usually a source of money or a dowry for her family. According to Webster’s dictionary, a dowry is property bought by a bride to her husband at the time of marriage (112). Following this even further, marrying to young can have serious and even life threating effects on their life. â€Å"Gi... Essay -- The loss of innocence Any child under the age of eighteen that is supposed to wed is thrown into the category of child marriages. This practice is very popular in India, Africa, Latin America and Oceania but the biggest area is Yemen and Saudi Arabia who does not have a minimum age requirement and does not protect the women’s rights under any circumstances. International and domestic civil right activists are appalled at the rising number of illegal and underage child marriages in foreign and neighboring countries. The downfalls of these marriages are that they deteriorate the child’s physical and mental health and are one of the main reasons for uneducated women in the world. Local and government officials need to be taking action to put an end to this long time tradition. Firstly, these girls are usually a source of money or a dowry for her family. According to Webster’s dictionary, a dowry is property bought by a bride to her husband at the time of marriage (112). Following this even further, marrying to young can have serious and even life threating effects on their life. â€Å"Gi...

Langston Hughes Poems Analysis Essay

Langston Hughes purpose of these sets of poems was to outline the current condition for African Americans at that time, and also to display his desires and present the ideal conditions for African Americans. Below are several of his poems that has symbology and reflects and demonstrates his desires and ideals. In my opinion, Dream Variations demonstrates Hughes desire for African Americans to be able to enjoy the pleasures of life as white people did. When he says â€Å"to whirl and to dance till the white day is done† he is speaking of being able to be free, dancing and â€Å"flinging your arms† is demonstrative of freedom and an open expression of freedom. Then be able to rest at night and have a sense of peace of mind, knowing that African Americans have the same opportunities that White Americans experienced. In Hughes’s poem Prayer Meeting, he displays a sense of hope and longing for improvement in African Americans lives and wanted African Americans to be free from oppression. â€Å"Glory! Hallelujah! The dawn’s a-comin† demonstrates that freedom from oppression is on the horizon and that African Americans should rejoice. The setting of this poem in religion also demonstrates a sense of hope since religion is often sought after to achieve a sense of hope. In Song of the Revolution, this poem uses the symbology of the American Revolution as another call for freedom from oppression, however this is freedom from the oppression of White America. â€Å"Marching like fire over the world, weaving from the earth its bright red banner† uses fire as a symbol for hope and courage and the use of a red banner as conviction and steadfastness. In the third stanza, which states â€Å"Breaking the bond of the darker races, breaking the chains that have held for years, breaking the barriers dividing the people, smashing the gods of terror and tears† This stanza serves as a call to arms for African Americans. This stanza is less symbolic and cryptic than the others. â€Å"smashing the gods of terror and tears† is the freedom from rulers and the establishment which has wronged and oppressed them. He wants a unity of the races and a freedom and lack of oppression. In Let America Be America Again, hughes is using America’s calling as a beacon of hope to the world to demonstrates his ideal for America to truly be free and not simply as a saying. This is evident in the first stanza, which states â€Å"Let America be America again, Let it be the dream in used to be, let it be the pioneer on the plain, seeking a home where he himself is free. † The parenthesis between the stanzas is what is important, because it displays Hughes’s real opinion of America at that time, which was he doesn’t believe in America, and to him was never a beacon of hope or a land of liberty. He believes that America is tyrannical, oppressive, and discriminatory to him and his people. In the last stanza he also uses divisions of class and other races that are oppressed as reinforcement for his opinions of America. In the third stanza which states, â€Å"O, let my land be a land where Liberty is crowned with no false patriotic wreath, but opportunity is real, and life is free, Equality is in the air we breath. † It’s demonstrating Hughes’s desire for America to really be as it’s envisioned and not simply as it is portrayed (in the eyes of Hughes); equality should be as prevalent and available as air.

Phonics Primer for Year Five Remedial Class in Primary School Essay

1.1 Description of the sp here of influence of Research Title of the Study phonics flat coat for Year Five Remedial stratum in Primary School.Phonics is letter-sound correspondences. The social units of sound clear be syllables, onsets & rimes, or ph binglemes (EdResearch.info). Phonics undercoat is a way of go outing the sounds of the alphabet in order to decode the side of meat phraseology. It is ac fellowship by a quick footprint of training letter and the sound or grapheme and ph peerlessme matches and immediately getting bookmans to single-valued function this knowledge to use up and spell rhythmical manner of speaking. Words ar remove by exploitation the phonological skill of intermix the sounds together synthesis (hence the term man- submit phonics). Words argon spelled by utilize the phonological skill of hearing the sounds in haggling (segmentation) by way of which words ar segmented into their constituent phonemes (Wikipedia, The lay off Encyclop edia) Research Questions1. What is the strategy in learn synthetic phonics?2. Can the method be success fully taught in shorter periods?3. Can the 44 sounds of Phonics Primer assistance in pedagogics non- face speakerswho constitute other sounds that is found in English?4. Can Phonics Primer be use to enlighten cohorts in higher(prenominal) levels with narrationdifficulties?Research Variables The legal puppets that I leave behind use in my look into go protrude be 1. Questionnaires 2. consultations 3. assort room watching Checklist 4. stresss 5. archive f apiece(prenominal)(prenominal) oversGay and Airasian (20030 defined population as The population is the multitude of interest to the tec, the congregation to which the results of the watch get out ide exclusivelyy infer. The respondents of the research seeament be for healing(p) students from the outskirt of Sarikei in Sarawak. The reputationity of the students lead be of the Iban race. The research lead be conducted on ii conclaves of selected students. One conclave get out be use for study, c eithered the information-establish comp all. Another convocation would be the run crosswiseled pigeonholing and they get out be taught with the conventional command procedure during English lessons. Both groups allow for be cohorts who will need booster in denotation. About six students will be involved in this study. They will be sanative students from the cohort of class five students who are in the curative class. The respected students and school will be chosen simply to fulfill the requirements of the research that will use the Primers phonics approach to t to severally one recital for therapeutic students.1.2 Theoretical mannequiningOften we find that in schools, on that point are always students who are very(prenominal) poor in interpret English. It is stock-still worst when the students keisternot express in a language that is very similar to theirs. T his means that the students are having problems in introductory r containering. We batch say that these students are too boring in picking up during their recitation lessons in English. In classes where we have been take inion, often we crack that students cannot recognize words and redden in that location are just about who cannot read.The students in countryfied Sarikei, in Sarawak, peculiar(prenominal)ally are closely Ibans. They are non-English speakers. They only fill the language when they come to school. English whence is very unfamiliar to them. M all English sounds dont even embody in their mother tongue. Synthetic phonics has all the 44 sounds of the English Language. It is a very systematic way to teach basic adaptation in English. By victimization the method of teaching, students can read scurrying and easier. The method of teaching and the instruments employ in teaching it can modify the bettering students of the particular schools to remember the sounds do by the letters and enable them to read.Research instrument are devices to measure the objects of the study. Instruments come in multiple forms. For this research, the research worker will be apply multiple forms like questionnaires, ceremonial forms, audience forms and canvasss to get information. The questionnaires and consultations will be used to get information just well-nigh experiences, suggestions and ideas connect to the study. The rumination forms will be used to arrest cards during the study. From expression forms, the police detective will be able to see weaknesses and strengths during the teaching of Phonics Primer and also the menstruation teaching method used by the school to make comparisons. The tests which will be getn before and later teaching Phonics Primer will swear out the tec to find out if the case study that they are doing is suitable and good for teaching remedial students.QuestionnairesQuestionnaires are familiar to near peo ple (Berdie, Anderson, and Niebuhr, 1986).It is a written or printed form used in assembly information on some repress or subjects, consisting of a set of questions to be submitted to one or to a greater extent(prenominal) persons (Your Dictionary.Com)It is a communication method of designing questionnaires to get together the requi target information. It is a list of questions shut in to get facts. A questionnaire is defined as a group of printed questions used to force out information from subjects by means of self-importance name. Questionnaires will be distributed to some(prenominal) observational and controlled group.Teacher Questionnaires.A instructor questionnaire is knowing to gather information administered to English instructors in school. The questionnaire will be with with(predicate) both convictions, that is before the start of the Phonics Programme. A mho questionnaire will follow at the nullify of the programme. This is to find out the status of rem edial edition before and subsequently the programme. If there are all differences before and after the programme, it will be noted round for abbreviation in the research later.Students QuestionnairesStudents questionnaire will also be done. It will be done with students who are involved with the study. They are the experimental group of students and also the controlled group of students for comparison later. Questionnaires can help the investigator discover the experiences, knowledge and backgrounds of the students and the school which is related to the case study that is going to be done. These information will help the researcher to know more and r poleer more about the stand of the students involved in the study. The questionnaire is also historic in circumstances the researcher to make conclusion and give suggestions for in store(predicate) study of similar case.InterviewThe interview is a dialogue surrounded by the teachers with the researcher. The most commonly acce pted documental of the interview is to determine whether there is a match between the candidates education, experience, interest and goals and the goals of the researcher related to the study for which the researcher is interviewing. In this study, the researcher conducts the interview with the remedial students teacher. This interview is designed to elicit selective information development a set of predetermined questions that are expected to elicit the subjects thoughts, opinions and attitudes regarding the teaching of variation to remedial students.Group Interviews with Teachers.To identify the major issues surrounding the planning and utiliseation of practice session commission in schools of a rural school, group interviews will be conducted with English remedial teachers. An interview will be used to avail discussion. Responses to the uniform sample questions will contribute to the last compendium of the study findings.Individual Interviews with Teachers.To investigat e all of the major research questions. presented earlier, interviews will be conducted with English remedial teachers in the selected schools. An interview will be used to facilitate information gathering. Responses to the questions will contribute to the final analysis of the study findings. comment Instruments placard is a technique of gathering information through direct contact with the subjects. In this study, the researcher will fall out dickens classes. The researcher will observe ongoing class using Primer Phonics and the natural teaching of remedial students in the school. Observation instrument is necessary to detect any strength and weaknesses for both types of methodology in teaching remedial students. The detections will be noted down in the researchers note book for reservation analysis, conclusion and suggestions for future researches.Classroom ObservationClassroom observation will be done to make sure that Primer Phonics is taught accordingly. A checklist will be used. Classroom observations will also be done for the normal teaching of remedial students in the same school. The need for making observation for the normal method of teaching is to enable comparison among the both types of methodology later. surplus entropy collection and followup will occur during the observations. Researchers summarized notes after each observation.Test The researcher will conduct dickens types of tests, the Pre test and the put forward test, for 2 groups of students from the remedial class only. The students will be shared into the experimental and controlled group. A Pre test will be used to see the students great power to read before teaching using the Primers Phonic Method. The Post test will be used to see the exercises made after teaching using the Primers Phonic Method. Both the experimental and the controlled groups will betroth the tests so the researcher can equation if there will be any differences in the achievements after teaching us ing the Primers Phonic Method for the experimental group.The Controlled group will be taught by their own remedial teachers using the usual curriculum in the school. In the tests, subjects are to read a short schoolbook of about 150 words. These tests aims to see how good the students can or cannot read before and after teaching using the Primers Phonic Method. To judge the students adaptation, 5 criteria will be ticked accordingly. Students who gets two out of five Yes are fancyed to have pass the Pre Test or the Post test record ReviewDocument suss out will inform the research process to varying degrees. Among the documents analyse were student work samples, report cards, forms, letters to parents, lesson plans, lists of reading books, and other relevant documents pertinent to current reading financial statement.The Theoretical Frameworkplat 1 The Diagram depicts the theoretical framework.1.3 Review of Related LiteratureThe lit reviews forwarded here will help us to get word more about the case study that will be done. A publications review is a body of schoolbook that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge and or methodological approaches on a particular topic. Literature reviews are present momentary coil sources, and as such(prenominal), do not report any new or real experimental work.Most often associated with academic-oriented writings, such as theses, a literature review usually precedes a research proposal of marriage and results section. Its ultimate goal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and forms the bag for another goal, such as future research that may be unavoidable in the area.A well-structured literature review is characterized by a logical incline of ideas current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style, right use of terminology and an unbiased and large view of the previous research on the topicI would like to make a review of related l iterature which is in my area of research, Instruction, Development, and operation of seek Primary Grade Readers by Elizabeth Campbell Rightmyer, Ellen McIntyre, and Joseph M Petrosko. course session Research and Instruction. Coral Gables take form 2006.Their study ensured the phonics and reading achievement of 117 un performd tally students in 14 schools and 42 classrooms. Students authoritative direction in one of six diverse reading programs or models based upon the school they attended. Through soft entropy collection and analysis of specific instructional practices, they determined that no model or program proved more effective for the learning of phonics in the for the graduation time tramp after one stratum of instruction.PurposeThe purpose of their study was to examine the phonics and reading achievement of principal(a) grade students receiving instruction in six dissimilar instructional programs or models (referred to as models in reference to their study). Then, through a qualitative analysis of the specific instructional practices deep down these models and their understanding of young childrens literacy development, they apologise the relative differences in achievement gains of these primary grade assay readers.Method They examined the instructional practices and achievement of low performing students in first through three grade classrooms in which teachers used one of the avocation reading models Breakthrough to Literacy (www.btl.com) Early winner (Cooper, et al., 1997) Early Intervention (Taylor, Medo, & Strait, 1995) Four Blocks (Cunningham, Hall, & DeFee, 1991) SRA Reading Mastery (Engelmann & Bruner, 1997) or Together We Can, a locally developed model based on low-spirited group manoeuver reading and explicit teaching of reading strategies and skills. ParticipantsThe study include 117 try primary-grade readers in 14 schools and 42 classrooms. Schools that had recently received a deposit grant to implement one of the reading models were invited to participate. They then contacted the principals, enquire them to recommend teachers who were particularly successful at implementing the instructional model for at least(prenominal) one year they believed that principals would avoid selecting teachers who were attempt with the model, classroom management, student diversity, or any of the myriad complexities that teachers face daily. Independently, they checked the teachers credentials by using a state-developed data base and found that the majority of them held innovative rank in the profession 73% had earned at least 30 credit hours beyond the bachelors degree.They also found that 84% of the teachers had taught in their current state of employment for more than five years. The principals distributed consent forms to interested teachers, and when they were returned, the researchers explained to each teacher that the children they wanted to study were those struggling with reading or learning to r ead. They had no control of the models that were proposed or the schools that were selected to receive the grants. handle many states under accountability mandates, their state is be access heavily invested in direct instruction models of reading and mathematics, and this predilection was seen in the numbers of students who received scripted advance(prenominal) intervention in reading. They asked that by October 1 of the first year of the study, the teachers identify the concluding achieving 20% in their classes.Again, they did not control for socioeconomic status, gender, or ethnicity of the identified children or in any way promise the teachers selection. Consenting students became the targeted group of children the researchers tried on the phonics action and reading tasks. There were two to five children in each of the classrooms, although callable to attrition and a few flaw tests, this number was reduced in some classrooms. Researchers studied one group of children from the start-off of first grade through the end of second grade, documenting harvest-home in phonics for one year.These children are afterlife referred to as first graders, even though they followed them through the end of second grade. The children in this group were all served by a single reading model one of the five models that bulge in Appendix A across two years however, most of the children had assorted teachers implementing the model the second year (in second grade). The study followed a second group from the beginning of second grade through the end of third grade, also documenting growth after two years.These children are hereafter referred to as second graders, even though they followed them through the end of third grade. uniform the first graders, the children in this group were served by the same reading model across two years however, most of the children had different teachers implementing the model the second year (in third grade). Table 1 lists the particip ants by model. Procedures for entropy Collection and Analysis of Student Achievement InstrumentsThe researcher pre- and post-tested first grade children on the Great Compromisers Hearing Sounds in Words Test (1993), a phonics application task that included encoding a reprobate. This measure was conducted only with first graders, as this was the norming sample. It will hereafter be referred to as the phonics measure or phonics achievement. On the clay test, the examiner reads two sentences to the child, The bus is coming fast. It will stop here to let me get on. Then the sentences are read again, word by word, and children encode the sentence as the researcher dictates.The children are boost to do the best they can with the spell and use the sounds of words to write as a great deal as you can. The children account a point for each letter or group of letters they write that mighty correspond to the sounds in the words. Children can score from O to 37 on this test. The researche rs selected this test because they believed it to be a more authentic assessment of phonics understanding and use than phonological tests on which children call out letter sounds they see or sound out semantically discommitted word lists. entropy collectionResearchers were skilled using each of the testing instruments accustomed. The training involved an explanation and consequence of the testing procedures and observation of videotapes of the labor movement director testing various children. The researchers scored those children, discussed results, and adjust their expectations through more explanation and demonstration by the director. Children were pre-tested during the months of September and post-tested during the month of may during each of the two years of the study.Children were tested in one-on-one situations in muteness places, arranged by the classroom teacher or grant administrator for periods of no more than 30 proceedings at a time. While the pre-testing too k just about 30 minutes per child, the post-testing took 60-90 minutes per child for most children, thus each child was met two or three clock. The researchers attempted to make the children comfortable and rewarded them afterwards with stickers. All reading passages were tape- save. Quantitative analysis of achievement dataFor ease in comparing achievement, the researchers used the benchmarks provided by each of the tests. Clays Hearing Sounds in Words phonics test has a range of 1-37, with intervals of 1. Two trained researchers individualistly scored every Clay test, and these stacks were compared against one another for accuracy. Where there was variation in scoring, a third researcher also reviewed the data, and the group negotiated the final score. hemorrhoid were entered into a data base, and two aggroup members reviewed each of them for accuracy in data entry. In this study, test score data were statistically analyzed in two ways.First, pretest scores were subtracted f rom posttest scores. The resulting gain scores were used as dependent variables in a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with the reading models as the independent variables. Test 1 was a comparison of phonics achievement of students in the different reading models (one-year gain). For each test, students achievement in only five models was compared. Importantly, due(p) to the unequal number of students in each of the comparison groups, and the small numbers of participants in some of the models, the interpretations about the findings of these tests are made with caution and based on trends in the data.Data Collection and Analysis of instructional Practices The researchers collected data on the instructional models in three ways a) by observing the teachers and taking battleground notes, b) by interviewing the teachers about their practices, and c) by completing an observation instrument after leaving the site (which required reflection and quantification of what was observed). For this analysis, they specifically collected data on 1) the snap of instruction, 2) the primary literacy activities conducted, and 3) the length of time children spent reading connected textbook. Other salient characteristics of the models, such as whether the model was considered an intervention for struggling readers or a whole class model, are also described. Observations and interviewsSchools were contacted and arrangements were made to observe the teachers who had been previously identified as fully implementing the instructional model adopted through the state program. The researchers visited each teacher quartet times and observed between 90-180 minutes during each visit, depending on how long literacy instruction was conducted in that classroom. Researchers sat in the room and recorded what the teacher said and did in the form of field notes. One important feature in our field notes was the uninterrupted marking of time. In an effort to understand how teachers distr ibuted their instructional time for various activities, they recorded the time in the margins of their field notes approximately every five minutes. after(prenominal) each visit, the researchers interviewed the classroom teacher the same mean solar day the observations were made. Among the questions they asked were about how typical the observed instruction was and how the children were selected for testing to ensure that they indeed were perusal the bottom 20%.Observation instrument After exiting the field site, the researcher used the field notes and interview to complete an observation instrument that summarized and quantified instructional patterns. A small section of instrument was used to help determine the teachers focus of instruction. The instrument, the field notes, and the interview made a data set for analysis. Analysis of instructionIn the first phase of analysis, researchers gather to examine the data sets. utilize a form created by the project director, the resea rchers summarized what happened during each of the visits. From these summaries of the field notes and interviews, the project director created a set of codes that reflected much of the data, a kernel analysis of sorts (Miles & Huberman, 1994). Then, the research team partitioned the field notes into occupation aspects (Tharp & Gallimore, 1988) in order to create smaller, bounded units of analysis.This meant that whenever there was a flip-flop in activity (the people, place, or produce of instruction), the ensuing activity was considered a unit of analysis and coded separately. The Researcher did not consider as change in mountain instances in which children had to leave a group early or if a lesson was interrupted. Thus, the lessons were coded holistically by setting. Settings lasted from five to 45 minutes. For example, one setting for analysis might be a 10-minute whole class lesson on which the teacher guided the children to correct a communicate she had written without p unctuation.When the same teacher signaled to the children it was time to work in learning centers, a new unit of analysis was begun. sometimes there were multiple simultaneous activity settings, and the researcher usually made the purpose to follow the teacher. For each activity setting, they coded the teachers primary activity, followed by what researchers interpreted, from both observations and interviews, was the teachers focus for the activity-either to help students develop phonologically (ACTIV-phon), or to help students learn something else (ACTIV-other). The primary instructional activities observed in each class were listed on the thick sheet. Finally, to determine the time children spent reading connected text, they used an earlier analysis of these data (Authors, 2005).They first defined connected text as texts of meaningful sentences or longer that is, more than one connected sentence although, in this study, connected text was usually an entire story. Then, they clari fied activities that comprised examples of opportunities to read connected text. The following practices were categorized as such choral reading reprise reading (even though technically the teacher was doing half of the reading) guided silent reading guided oral reading and open periods for independent reading. Activities not included as opportunities for reading connected text included read aloud story time, times when the teacher was directly teaching something, times when students completed worksheets that included only words or unrelated sentences, drill of individual words, or time on non-print responses to literature.Then, the researchers highlighted in field notes when students were provided opportunities to read connected text. They mensural the percentage of time in such activity against the total time designated for language arts instruction. They examined all four observations of each teacher together as a unit because they knew they were going to categorize them. Usin g group consensus, they defined classrooms as having much opportunity to read connected text during all four observations, a have got amount of time, or little time. After each data set was analyzed and each teacher categorized, they compared instructional foci and practices across models. They listed all the teachers in a given model together, and looked across these data sets for patterns.